Dual-patterned human pluripotent stem cells, pre-treated separately with anterior (FGF2) or posterior (CHIR/RA) cues and then assembled with specific timing, self-organize into AP gastruloids containing 26 distinct cell types spanning the anterior-posterior axis from midbrain-hindbrain boundary through regionalized hindbrain (rhombomeres 1-8) to neural tube with segmented somites, recapitulating key spatiotemporal features of Carnegie stage 11-12 human embryonic neurulation and somitogenesis and enabling modeling of neural tube defects through chemical perturbation.

Human gastruloids are a powerful class of stem cell-derived models that recapitulate key features of early embryonic development, including symmetry breaking and the emergence of three germ layers. However, they lack anterior embryonic structures and coordinated axial organization. To address this limitation, we pre-patterned human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) by exposing them to either anterior (FGF2) or posterior (CHIR99021 [CHIR] & retinoic acid [RA]) cues. Upon mixing, these dual-patterned hPSCs interacted and self-organized into elongated structures with both anterior and posterior features—which we term anterior-posterior (AP) human gastruloids. Anteriorly pre-treated cells robustly intercalated into posteriorly pre-treated cells, collectively giving rise to a continuum of neural tissues—including a brain-like domain, a neural tube-like structure, and neuro-mesodermal progenitors (NMPs)—with segmented somites arrayed bilaterally. Single cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) revealed that human AP gastruloids contain cell types resembling the midbrain-hindbrain boundary (MHB), regionalized hindbrain structures (i.e. rhombomeres 1–8), regionalized neural crest (i.e. cranial, vagal, trunk) and head mesoderm. Transcriptomic comparisons to primate embryos revealed that human AP gastruloids most closely resemble Carnegie stage 11 (CS11) embryos. While they lack a notochord and full dorsal-ventral polarity, human AP gastruloids recapitulate key spatial and temporal features of early neurulation and somitogenesis. Perturbation of folic acid metabolism or rho-associated kinase (ROCK) signaling induced spinal cord defects, phenocopying aspects of spina bifida and other neural tube defects, highlighting this model’s potential for studying congenital disorders. AP gastruloids may serve as a simple, robust, scalable platform for modeling coordinated human AP body axis development. More broadly, our results suggest that controlled interactions between differentially prepatterned progenitors can initiate self-organization of complex body axis features. The “pattern-and-mix” strategy may serve as a generalizable framework for assembling spatially organized stem cell models of mammalian development.