The external globus pallidus (GPe) is traditionally viewed as a homogeneous relay in the indirect basal ganglia pathway that broadly suppresses movement. Using whole-brain anterograde axon mapping, rabies tracing, single-neuron reconstruction, and single-nucleus RNA sequencing, we reveal that the GPe is a major basal ganglia output nucleus, composed of anatomically and molecularly distinct populations. Besides the neurons with canonical projections, and projections to striatum and cortex, the GPe contains specific neuronal populations that target the thalamus and brainstem directly, including the parafascicular thalamus (GPePf) and the pedunculopontine nucleus (GPePPN). These projection-defined subpopulations exhibit distinct behavioral functions. GPe-PPN neurons are selectively suppressed at locomotor onset, and bidirectional manipulation of this pathway is sufficient to promote or suppress locomotion. Notably, D2-MSN stimulation upstream of these neurons evokes locomotion, and co-activation of GPePPN pathway blocks this D2-MSN-evoked locomotion, demonstrating a disinhibitory circuit for action stemming from D2-MSNs. In contrast, GPePf neurons are not engaged during locomotion but are selectively recruited during skilled forelimb actions, and their activation disrupts forelimb movements without affecting locomotion. Together, these findings establish the GPe as a basal ganglia output hub composed of modules that mediate distinct behaviors. This organization revises canonical models of the indirect pathway by demonstrating that D2-MSNs can also facilitate, rather than only suppress, movement depending on the downstream GPe output channels they engage.
In brief
The external globus pallidus (GPe), classically considered a relatively homogeneous relay within the indirect basal ganglia pathway, is revealed here as a major basal ganglia output hub. Distinct GPe subpopulations, defined by transcriptomic identity and projection target, form parallel channels to cortical, thalamic and brainstem structures with action-specific functions. These findings uncover a disinhibitory mechanism through which D2-MSNs can facilitate behavior, revising canonical models of basal ganglia function.
Highlights
Brain-wide mapping reveals the GPe as a major basal ganglia output node GPe contains novel cell types defined by transcriptomic identity and projection specificity Projection-specific GPe circuits differentially control locomotion and skilled forelimb actions D2-MSNs can disinhibit downstream targets via specific GPe projections and promote action.
