Human ventral temporal cortex neurons represent visual objects through a distributed axis code in high-dimensional feature space, and approximately 40% of these axis-tuned neurons reactivate during visual imagery in a manner that respects this same visual code, providing single-neuron evidence for a generative model in the human brain that enables both perception and imagination through shared neural representations.

Mental imagery is a remarkable phenomenon that allows us to remember previous experiences and imagine new ones. Animal studies have yielded rich insight into mechanisms for visual perception, but the neural mechanisms for visual imagery remain poorly understood. Here, we first determined that ∼80% of visually responsive single neurons in human ventral temporal cortex (VTC) use a distributed axis code to represent objects. We then used that code to reconstruct objects and generate maximally effective synthetic stimuli. Finally, we recorded responses from the same neural population while subjects imagined specific objects and found that ∼40% of axis-tuned VTC neurons recapitulated the visual code. Our findings reveal that visual imagery is supported by reactivation of the same neurons involved in perception, providing single neuron evidence for the existence of a generative model in human VTC.

Single neurons in human temporal cortex use feature axes to encode objects, and imagery reactivates this code.